Soviet iconoclast passes away

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, whose stubborn, lonely and combative literary struggles gained the force of prophecy as he revealed the heavy afflictions of Soviet Communism in some of the most powerful works of the 20th century, died late on Sunday at the age of 89 in Moscow. His son Yermolai said the cause was a heart ailment.

Solzhenitsyn outlived by nearly 17 years the Soviet state and the system he had battled through years of imprisonment, ostracism and exile. Solzhenitsyn had been an obscure, middle-aged, unpublished high school science teacher in a provincial Russian town when he burst onto the literary stage in 1962 with A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.

The book, a mould-breaking novel about a prison camp inmate, was a sensation. Suddenly he was being compared to the giants of Russian literature like Tolstoy, Dostoyevski and Chekhov. Over the next five decades, Mr Solzhenitsyn’s fame spread throughout the world as he drew upon his experiences of totalitarian duress to write evocative novels like The First Circle and The Cancer Ward and historical works like The Gulag Archipelago.

Gulag was a monumental account of the Soviet labour camp system, a chain of prisons that by Solzhenitsyn’s calculation some 60 million people had entered during the 20th century. The book led to his expulsion from his native land. George F. Kennan, the American diplomat, described it as "the greatest and most powerful single indictment of a political regime ever to be levelled in modern times."

Solzhenitsyn was heir to a morally focused and often prophetic Russian literary tradition, and he looked the part. He returned to Russia and deplored what he considered its spiritual decline, but in the last years of his life he embraced the former president, Mr Vladimir V. Putin as a restorer of Russia’s greatness. In almost half a century, more than 30 million of his books have been sold worldwide and translated into some 40 languages.

In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Mr Solzhenitsyn owed his initial success to Khrushchev’s decision to allow Ivan Denisovich to be published in a popular journal. Khrushchev believed its publication would advance the liberal line he had promoted since his secret speech in 1956 on the crimes of Stalin.

But soon after the story appeared, Khrushchev was replaced by hard-liners, and they campaigned to silence its author. But their iron grip could not contain Mr Solzhenitsyn’s reach. By then his works were appearing outside the Soviet Union, in many languages, and he was being compared not only to Russia’s literary giants but also to Stalin’s literary victims.

At home, the Kremlin stepped up its campaign by expelling Mr Solzhenitsyn from the Writer’s Union. He fought back. He succeeded in having microfilms of his banned manuscripts smuggled out of the Soviet Union. He addressed petitions to government organs, wrote open letters, rallied support among friends and artists, and corresponded with people abroad.

They turned his struggles into one of the most celebrated cases of the cold war period.

That position was confirmed when he was awarded the 1970 Nobel Prize in the face of Moscow’s protests. The Nobel jurists cited him for "the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature."

Solzhenitsyn dared not travel to Stockholm to accept the prize for fear that the Soviet authorities would prevent him from returning. But his acceptance address was circulated widely.

By this time, Solzhenitsyn had completed his own massive attempt at truthfulness, The Gulag Archipelago.